GROUP
has been well accepted as an useful design tool for analyzing the
behavior of piles in a group subjected to both axial and lateral
loadings. The program was developed to compute the distribution of loads
(vertical, lateral, and overturning moment in up to three orthogonal
axes) applied from any multiple locations in the pile cap to piles
arranged in a group. The piles may be installed vertically or on a
batter and their heads may be fixed, pinned, or elastically restrained
by the pile cap. The pile cap may settle, translate, and/or rotate and
is assumed to act as a rigid body.
The
program will generate internally the nonlinear response of the soil, in
the form of t-z and q-w curves for axial loading, in the form of p-y
curves for lateral loading and in the form of t-r curves for torsional
loading. A solution requires iteration to accommodate the nonlinear
response of each pile in the group model. Program GROUP solves
the nonlinear response of each pile under combined loadings and assures
compatibility of geometry and equilibrium of forces between the applied
external loads and the reactions of each pile head.
The
p-y, t-z, q-w and t-r curves may be generated internally, employing
recommendations in technical literature, or may be entered manually by
the user. The pile-head forces and movements are introduced into
equations that yield the behavior of the pile group in a global
coordinate system. The program can internally compute the deflection,
bending moment, shear, and soil resistance as a function of depth for
each pile.
For
closely-spaced piles, the pile-soil-pile interaction can be taken into
account by introducing reduction factors for the p-y curves used for
each single pile. As an option, the user can ask the program to generate
internally some suggestions for p-multipliers to automatically reduce
the soil resistance. GROUP is able to generate or lets users specify p-y reduction factors for two orthogonal axes.
The
program allows the user to select computations of the required unit
side friction at the top and bottom of each soil layer along with a unit
tip resistance. The program employs commonly-accepted equations to
compute internally the estimated unit side friction and unit tip
resistance based on the soil properties that are specified by the user
for each soil layer.
Users
can also input external nonlinear curves of axial load versus
settlement for each pile in the group. Those external curves can be
obtained by the user based on load tests or using the Ensoft programs APILE and/or SHAFT.
GROUP v8.0
introduces several enhancements: Use of multiple load cases
representing concentrated loads at the pile cap and/or distributed
lateral load at the piles; Concentrated loads at the pile cap may be
defined at any position; Distributed lateral loads at the piles can be
defined by local or global axes; Load combinations can be specified by
the user and are set by load factors applied at the defined load cases;
Maximum and mini-mum envelopes may be computed for both load cases and
load combinations; GROUP v8 can provide flexibility and stiffness matrices (in 2D or 3D models) for different levels of loading.